Good Writing: The 'I
Have a Dream' Speech
Martin
Luther King Day commemorates the American civil rights movement, and brings to
the spotlight one of the greatest speeches of all time. Dr. King's "I Have a
Dream" speech was delivered in Washington, D.C., on Aug. 28,1963. It's credited
with prodding Congress to push through the 1964 Civil Rights Act, a real
breakthrough for racial equality in the United States. King was awarded the
Nobel Prize, largely on the strength of this inspiring speech.
When you
read it, look for allusions. An allusion
is a reference to something else. If you match an allusion to the knowledge
base of your audience, you increase your communication power because your
audience is familiar with what you're referring to. Their minds make a quick
trip to the reference point to "check in," and then come back to what you are
trying to get across. Your point becomes more familiar because you've made that
connection with what they already know. Your audience is at ease and in sync
with you.
In this
speech, Dr. King alludes to Abraham Lincoln, the Bible, small children,
specific states, specific mountains and ideals like "brotherhood" and
"freedom." These were successful because of his audience's familiarity and
emotional attachment to those things. He might have made accurate allusions to
scientific facts or Shakespeare, but since his audience wasn't as familiar with
those things, those would have fallen flat, and his connecting power wouldn't
have been as strong.
Another
literary strength of this speech is its metaphors. A metaphor is a word picture that helps
the reader or listener imagine what you're trying to say. It's a figure of
speech in which something is called something that it is really not. Even with
the exaggeration and impossibility of the metaphor, though, a truth is
proclaimed. The dictionary definition gives this metaphor: "a mighty fortress
is our God." Because you know that the expression goes beyond the literal
interpretation, your mind is lifted up and over the material world into the
world of imagination. You don't read a lot of metaphors in the daily newspaper
or in schoolbooks, so when you encounter one, it's memorable and attractive.
Dr. King's
metaphors included slavery word pictures: "the manacles of segregation" and the
"chains of discrimination" (manacles are handcuffs). He portrayed racial
injustice as "quicksand" and brotherhood as "solid rock." America's freedoms
and bounties are depicted as a bank, and the relatively disadvantaged status of
black Americans was likened to that entire race of Americans receiving a "bad
check." Everyone can relate to that, even if King's white audience couldn't
relate to racial discrimination. Note that this speech was given in late August
in Washington, so the metaphor of "sweltering summer" to describe the
African-American population's discontent and suffering over racism was
successful, especially when he called his hope for freedom and equality an
"invigorating autumn."
A third
writing device in this fine speech is the use of repetition. Dr.
King was a preacher, and a very fine one, and he uses the musicality of
repeating words and phrases to build the emotional impact of this speech,
especially at the end. One reason we respond so strongly to music is that we
like repetition; we like to hear the second verse with different words to the
same tune. You can use that natural human proclivity by repeating words and
phrases selectively to emphasize a point.
Dr. King's
exhortation to his audience to go back to their specific states and keep
working for racial peace used repetition. Listing various mountains and
hillsides across the country and, with a touch of humor, referring to
"molehills," unified his points as applying to all Americans. He urged them "to
work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together,
to stand up for freedom together."
Study this
speech and you will no doubt find many more admirable features in it which
commend it as a great piece of writing that will stand the test of time:
http://www.usconstitution.net/dream.html
The best
way to honor a great piece of writing is to memorize all or part of it. Here's
a cool way to memorize this immortal speech:
http://www.windmillworks.com/games/dream.htm
By Susan Darst Williams • www.GoBigEd.com • Grammar Granny
042 • © 2007